Attachment 104630 Details for Bug 82629 – File triggering crash

File triggering crash

2014ewcacrim1681.rtf (text/rtf), 130.27 KB, created by libreofficebugzilla-j4kyd on 2014-08-14 18:17:48 UTC

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Creator: libreofficebugzilla-j4kyd

Created: 2014-08-14 18:17:48 UTC

Size: 130.27 KB

patch

obsolete

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>\f37\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs16\insrsid15994306 Palmer, Gyamfi and Cooke
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>\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
>{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
>\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
>\s17\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3946246 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid3946246 Case No: 201301893
>\par 201302508
>\par 201301940}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid3946246 
>\par }\pard \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5199549 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Neutral Citation Number: [2014] EWCA Crim 1681}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\fs20\ulnone\insrsid5199549 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5199549 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\ul\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 IN THE COURT OF APPEAL (CRIMINAL DIVISION)
>\par ON APPEAL FROM {\*\bkmkstart bkAppealFromAddProp}}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549  FORMTEXT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 {\*\datafield 
>000000000000000013626b41707065616c46726f6d41646450726f700016576f6f6420477265656e2043726f776e20436f7572740000000000000000000000}{\*\formfield{\fftype0\fftypetxt0{\*\ffname bkAppealFromAddProp}{\*\ffdeftext Wood Green Crown Court}}}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
>\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5199549 Wood Green Crown Court}}}\sectd \psz9\pgnrestart\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 {\*\bkmkend bkAppealFromAddProp}
>\par {\*\bkmkstart bkLCJAddProp}}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549  FORMTEXT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 {\*\datafield 
>00000000000000000c626b4c434a41646450726f70001748697320486f6e6f7572204a75646765205061776c616b0000000000000000000000}{\*\formfield{\fftype0\fftypetxt0{\*\ffname bkLCJAddProp}{\*\ffdeftext His Honour Judge Pawlak}}}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5199549 His Honour Judge Pawlak}}}\sectd \psz9\pgnrestart\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 {\*\bkmkend bkLCJAddProp}
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5199549 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Royal Courts of Justice
>\par Strand, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}London{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PostalCode}}WC2A 2LL{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5199549 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5199549 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2319288 Date: 07/}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 08/2014}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5199549 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5199549 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 Before :
>\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5199549 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\ul\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 LADY JUSTICE HALLETT, VICE PRESIDENT OF THE CACD
>\par MR JUSTICE ANDREW SMITH}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3946246 
>\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\ulnone\insrsid5199549 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 
>\par HIS HONOUR JUDGE ZEIDMAN QC
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5199549 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
>\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 Between :
>\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5199549 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 
>\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft36\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid6104224\tblind144\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
>\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1314\clshdrawnil \cellx1350\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6210\clshdrawnil \cellx7560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
>\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1440\clshdrawnil \cellx9000\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid6104224 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid6104224 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 Tre Palmer
>\par Christopher Gyamfi
>\par Kirk Cooke\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid6104224 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\b\fs24\ul\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Appellant\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 
>\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow
>\ts11\trgaph108\trleft36\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid6104224\tblind144\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1314\clshdrawnil \cellx1350
>\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6210\clshdrawnil \cellx7560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
>\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1440\clshdrawnil \cellx9000\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid6104224 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\tqc\tx3312\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid6104224 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 - and -\cell 
>}\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid6104224 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
>\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow
>\ts11\trgaph108\trleft36\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid6104224\tblind144\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1314\clshdrawnil \cellx1350
>\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6210\clshdrawnil \cellx7560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
>\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1440\clshdrawnil \cellx9000\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid6104224 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\tqc\tx3312\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid6104224 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 
>{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}Regina{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid6104224 
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\ul\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Respondent\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
>\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 
>\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft36\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid6104224\tblind144\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
>\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1314\clshdrawnil \cellx1350\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6210\clshdrawnil \cellx7560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
>\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1440\clshdrawnil \cellx9000\row }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5199549 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 
>\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5199549 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
>\par - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
>\par 
>\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 Miss Sally O\rquote Neill QC & Miss Wibberly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549  for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 
>Appellant Palmer
>\par Miss Harris }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 Appellant Gyamfi
>\par Miss Sally O\rquote Neill QC & Miss Wilson }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 Appellant Cooke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 
>\par {\*\bkmkstart bkCol2AddProp}}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549  FORMTEXT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549\charrsid1706024 {\*\datafield 
>00000000000000000d626b436f6c3241646450726f7000104d697373205a6f65204a6f686e736f6e0000000000000000000000}{\*\formfield{\fftype0\fftypetxt0{\*\ffname bkCol2AddProp}{\*\ffdeftext Miss Zoe Johnson}}}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\b\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5199549 Miss Zoe Johnson}}}\sectd \psz9\pgnrestart\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 {\*\bkmkend bkCol2AddProp} QC }{\rtlch\fcs1 
>\ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 Crown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 
>\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 
>\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 Hearing dates : Wednesday 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-3\super\insrsid5199549\charrsid1706024 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549 
> and Thursday 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-3\super\insrsid5199549\charrsid11294238 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid5199549  July 2014
>\par - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
>\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5199549 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 
>\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3946246 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3946246 JUDGMENT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect
>\psz9\pgnrestart\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid326\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15994306\sftnbj {\headerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3946246 
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15994306\charrsid3946246 
>\par }}{\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5199549 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\f37\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15994306\charrsid5199549 
>\par }}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5199549 Lady Justice Hallett DBE Vice President of the Court of Appeal Criminal Division:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549  
>\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 Introduction 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>These three appeals have been heard together because they each stem from the same police operation and because the same three issues arise: disclosure, entrapment and what is said to be fresh evidence from a former undercover police officer. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}
>All three appellants were young unemployed men who lived in North West London. They each sold stolen property to a shop set up and run by undercover police officers. When their attempts to stay proceedings against them failed, they each pleaded guilty 
>to a variety of offences of dishonesty.  
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}
>On 23 April 2013 His Honour Judge Pawlak sentenced them as follows: for two offences of possession of identity documents with improper intent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549  and one offence of supplying an article for use in fraud}{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  received
> a total sentence of 32 months imprisonment. For one offence of possession of identity documents with improper intent, supplying an article used in fraud, two offences of handling stolen property and an offence of burglary, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 Cooke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  received a total sentence 
>of 27 months imprisonment ordered to run consecutively to an existing sentence. For two offences of possession of identity documents with improper intent and one of supplying articles for fraud, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Gyamfi }{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 was imprisoned for 9 months ordered to run consecutively to an existing sentence. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Cooke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  apply for leave to appeal against conviction and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Gyamfi 
>}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 applies for an extension of time (32 days) in which to apply for leave to appeal against conviction. The Registrar has referred all the applications to the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname 
>address}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname Street}}Full Court{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549  We grant the extension of time.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\b\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 Operation Gemini
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 The offences stem from a police operation known as Operation Gemini. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Parts of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>London Borough of Barnet ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ve }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 suffered for many years from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 a high level of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 residential burglaries. The number o
>f offences rose year by year so that by 2011- 2012, one in every 40 homes had been burgled. As those who have been the victim of a burglary can testify, residential burglary is a crime which can have devastating and long term consequences for the househol
>d
>er. Hence the present emphasis in sentencing practice upon the harm caused to victims by the burglar and the handler of property stolen in a burglary. Conscious of the financial and emotional impact of burglary upon the citizens they served, senior Metrop
>olitan Police officers decided to try to reverse the trend. Conventional methods had not worked and according to one officer \'93burglary is one of the hardest crimes to detect\'94 particularly in densely populated areas with good transport links}{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549  like Barnet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 . 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 6.\tab}The less conventional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
>\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  but not unknown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  method chosen was to establish a shop (TJ\rquote 
>s Trading Post) operated by undercover officers in which those in possession of stolen property could sell their ill gotten gains.  The operational objectives were said to be f
>our fold: one, to provide a sustainable reduction in all acquisitive crime, but in particular residential burglary in the target area; two, to arrest and prosecute those responsible for the criminality; three, to gather detailed intelligence for future po
>licing of the area; four, to re-assure the local community.  
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 7.\tab}
>The surveillance and use of the covert human intelligence sources (the undercover officers or CHIS) were authorised under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA) by various senior 
>officers. Detective Superintendent Strugnall and Superintendent Bennett authorised the directed surveillance and the operation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>managed by Detective Inspector Wood and Detective Chief Inspector Raphael. Commander Spindler then Commander Streeter authorised the use of undercover officers with DI Wood and DCI Raphael again the managers. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 8.\tab}
>The original directed surveillance authorisation was granted on 4 January 2011, cancelled a month later and a new authorisation issued. Thereafter it was renewed and revie
>wed on a monthly basis until 2 October 2012 when it was cancelled. The original CHIS authorisation for the use of undercover officers was granted on 12 November 2010. It was cancelled a year later and re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 -}{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 granted the same day. It too was regularly reviewed 
>and renewed and eventually cancelled on 4 July 2012. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) maintained an operational oversight throughout. It was the prosecution case that the UCOs acted within their authorised parameters and as directed at all times. DI Wo
>od gave evidence that he instructed his officers on each occasion they were deployed not to act as agent provocateurs. This instruction was recorded i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 n their individual note books }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 were de-briefed at the end of each ses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 sion. }
>{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 9.\tab}Operation Gemini began with \lquote community infiltration\rquote 
>. Undercover officers set about \lquote building their legend\rquote . For a three to four month period they lived in the area, joined the local gymnasium and visited the public houses.  They distributed flyers and business cards for the sho
>p, advertised online and in the local press. They offered to buy gold and silver and anything else }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 of value, and provide a discreet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
> service. This part of the operation was not recorded. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 10.\tab}On 24th January 2011 the shop opened in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname address}}
>{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname Street}}Cricklewood Lane{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, NW2.  It had a front counter and a back room. It was staffed by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 officers of whom only two, Terry and Jason, were involved in the applicants\rquote  cases. None of the three applicants were specifically targeted and the identities of those individuals who had been specif
>ically targeted were not disclosed. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 11.\tab}
>The shop had a number of separate cameras providing a constant record of both the front counter and the back room. Only certain customers were given access to the back room and it was there that conversations were very 
>open about criminal behaviour. The UCOs offered cheap designer clothing, alcohol and cigarettes to selected customers. Everything was video and audio recorded including the UCOs interactions with the three applicants. At another location, other officers, 
>including DS Eaton and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 DS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>Goodwin, monitored in real time everything that the UCOs were doing. It was the job of DI Wood to ensure that the UCOs stayed within the parameters of the authorisations granted for the operation. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 12.\tab}The shop eventually closed in May
> 2012. In July and August of that year a number of arrests were made. In total 118 persons were charged with offences arising out of the operation and, at the time of the abuse hearing in the present matter, about 80 people had appeared before the Courts 
>and pleaded guilty. In total some 2,360 items of stolen property were recovered including jewellery, electrical equipment, 541 passports, 334 driving licences, and 357 bank cards. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 13.\tab}However, as well as stolen items, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 19 }{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 people attending the shop also sold their own identity documents. Of a total of 807 documents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549  bought}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 , 491 were not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 linked}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549  to any crime\rquote 
> by which we understand that the documents had not been reported stolen or that they belonged to the seller. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\i\insrsid5199549\charrsid358507 The case against }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549\charrsid358507 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 14.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 , aged 19 years at 
>the time of the offences, had previous convictions for drugs offences but none for offences of dishonesty. He first attended the shop on 7 July 2011 in the company of a friend, Craig, who was there to sell a stolen laptop computer. During the conversation
> UCO Jason indicated to Craig that he was interested in buying ID documents such as passports, driving licences, and cards. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
> entered the conversation and asked how much one would get for a driving licen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ce to which Jason replied: \'93\'a340}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  but more for a passport}{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 . The following day Craig and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  returned to the shop. During the conversation Craig informed UCO Terry that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
> had a driving licence for him. Terry stated that he was happy with that but went on to say that he preferred passports. Later in the conversation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  asked how much he could get for selling Indian gold. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 15.\tab}Over the period covered by the indictment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  sold to the shop a t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 otal of five driving licences: o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>ne was counterfeit, one belonged to him or a member of his family, one was stolen in a burglary, and two were from thefts.
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 16.\tab}On 27th July 2011 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 
>\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  returned to the shop alone and sold to Jason two Romanian passports that had been stolen in a residential burglary three days earlier. When asked what was the story behind them, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  replied, \'93They\rquote re good\'85 you know already what it is with me. They\rquote re from a house.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 
>Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  returned on a number of further occasions to sell passports, many of which had been stolen in residential burglaries just days before. In total }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  sold 37 passports to the UCOs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 . Twenty six of these }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>were taken during a total of seven separate residential burglaries \endash  the general nature of which suggested that the passports had not been stolen to order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 . O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 ne was stolen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 two were counterfeit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  and eight were reported as lost or not reported at all. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 n 29th July 2011 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  also sold his own passport, an offence in its own right under the Fraud Act 2006.
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 17.\tab}As well as the ID documents }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  also sold, or attempted to sell, a computer, two gold chains, two credit cards, a paying-in book, some forged \'a3
>20 notes, and memory cards. He attended the shop and had interactions with the UCOs on a total of 31 occasions and was paid a total of \'a35,505 by the UCOs. On }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  occasion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  the UCOs tried to engage him in conversation about }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 whet
>her he knew anyone with \'93metalwork and stuff or anything like that\'94 (meaning }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 firearms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ). Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  replied, \'93I\rquote m not really on this game\'94. UCO Terry asked }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
> to let him know if anyone was trying to get rid of one. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 18.\tab}Upon arrest a total of \'a31,620 in cash was found at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \rquote s address. Following charge, and having made no comment in interview, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  gave a prepared statement in which he stated that he had not previously been aware of the prevalence of ID documents in his area. He was unaware that you could se
>ll ID documents in a shop until he had been told by his friend that he could sell driving-licences, and then told by the UCO shop assistant that he could sell passports and cards. Before that he would not have thought of selling such items in a shop or an
>ywhere else. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 19.\tab}Following the Judge\rquote s ruling on the abuse of process application, }{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  pleaded guilty on the following basis: 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri1440\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid1706024 \'93I understand that I am bound by the ruling on entrapment. However, I was not operating as or known as a fence prior to visiting TJ\rquote 
>s Trading Post. I would not have committed these offences if it wasn\rquote t for the shop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \'94. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 20.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 A {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}Newton{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} hearing was held in respect of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 
>\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  at which he gave evi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 dence to the following effect: t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>he first sale of property to the shop was from a wallet he and a fri
>end had found in the street. They had become aware that the shop paid money for driving licences and bank cards and therefore thought they could make some cash from their find. He then sold his own passport and kept the cash. He claimed in the remainder o
>f the sales he acted as an agent for friends and family or his cannabis dealer. He claimed he made no money from any of the sales. The Judge rejected }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \rquote s evidence in its entirety. 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\i\insrsid5199549\charrsid358507 The case against }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549 Cooke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549\charrsid358507 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 21.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Cooke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 , aged about 22 at the time of the offences
>, had no previous convictions. He first attended the shop on 14 May 2011 and asked UCO Terry about purchasing cigarettes. Terry said to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Cooke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 , 
>\'93If you come across anything, bring it in and we\rquote ll look after you\'94. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Cooke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  asked about their taking cards and sai
>d that he had sent someone in with six cards the previous day. Terry informed him that they also took passports and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Cooke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
> enquired as to how much they paid. On 21 May 2011 at 14:42 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Cooke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  texted UCO Terry to inform him that he had an Apple laptop computer a
>vailable. The laptop had been stolen just hours before in a residential burglary. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Cooke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
> said that his mate had obtained it, did not know where it was from, and would not bring it to the shop. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Cooke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549  met UCO Terry at a railway station on the same date and sold the laptop }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 for \'a3250.
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 22.\tab}
>On 26 July 2011 at 13:49 he texted one of the UCOs to state that he had an Apple Mac computer and attended the shop forty minutes later together with his co-accused, Brown. They agreed a sale price of \'a3380 and informed the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549  UCOs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  that there might also be a television available. Again, the computer had been stolen from a residential property a little earlier that day}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549  together with other items such as jewellery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>he burglars left a television in the front garden. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 23.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 etween 22 May 2011 and 4 April 2012 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Cooke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
> sold the UCOs a total of fourteen passports, none in his own name, and three of which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>stolen in a residential burglary on 26 October 2011 and sold at the shop just two days later. Between 3 July and 21 August 2011 he sold a quantity of bank cards, although there was no evidence as to the theft of those cards. On 20 July he sold a Suz
>{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PersonName}}uk{\*\xmlclose}i motorcycle which had been stolen just two days earlier.
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 24.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 In all Cooke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  met the UCOs about twenty-five times for the purposes of selling property and was paid a total of \'a34,070 in respect of items sold at the shop.
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\b\insrsid5199549\charrsid358507 
>\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549\charrsid358507 The case against }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549 Gyamfi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549\charrsid358507 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 25.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Gyamfi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  was aged 20 years. He had no previous convictions at the time of the offences, but had subsequently been convicted of drugs offences.
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 26.\tab}His first appearance in the shop was on 15 August 2011. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Gyamfi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  began by asking UCO Terry, \'93What can you do for me? A mate of mine usually comes in for me.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Gyamfi}{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  said that he had \'93a few cards and a few books and a few passports and stuff like that.\'94 The two men had a conversation
> about exactly what the UCOs were looking for in terms of ID documents and also discussed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Gyamfi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  bringing gold into the shop. On that occasion }{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Gyamfi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  sold two driving licences. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 27.\tab}He also sold the UCOs three debit or credit cards on the same date. Between th
>en and 19 September he returned to the shop on three further occasions to sell a total of 21 credit / debit cards. On 18 October 2011 he arrived with twelve more cards but was informed by UCO Terry that they were not buying them any more. They remained in
>terested in passports.  
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 28.\tab}On 22 August, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Gyamfi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  was offered cheap tobacco and champagne by the UCOs at the back of the shop. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Gyamfi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \rquote 
>s final sale of ID documents at the shop was on 17 April 2012 when he sold two passports.
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 29.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Gyamfi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  visited the shop on a total of six occasions and was paid \'a3
>1,050 for the items he sold. Only one item was linked to a specific crime, the theft of a passport from a motor vehicle in October 2011. He made no comment in interview.
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 30.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Gyamfi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  plea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  guilty on the following basis:
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri1440\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \'93The defendant had no involvement in the theft of the items traded (if indeed they were stolen).
>\par The defendant was told at the shop what to say in order to be served, and was supplied with the items, which he sold at a profit.\'94 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\b\insrsid5199549 
>\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5199549\charrsid358507 The statutory regime under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 31.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 The right to respect for private and family life enshrined in Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights makes it unlawful for a public authority to act in a way that is incompatible with }{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 these }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 convention rig
>hts. The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA) allows public bodies to interfere with the right to privacy in certain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549  strictly defined }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 circumstances. The Act provides a legal framework for the interception of communications, the acquisition and use of data, the use of surveillance and covert intelligence sources. Part }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 II }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 of the Act covers Surveillance and Covert Intelligence Sources. It applies to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 directed surveillance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 intrusive surveillance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  and the conduct and use of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 covert human intelligence sources}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 . 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 32.\tab}
>Section 26 (where relevant) provides a definition of directed and intrusive surveillance and covert human intelligence source}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 : 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri1440\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 (2) Subject to subsection (6), surveillance is directed for the purposes of this Part if it is covert but not intrusive and is undertaken
>\emdash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>\par (a) for the purposes of a specific investigation or a specific operation; 
>\par (b) in such a manner as is likely to result in the obtaining of private information about a person (whether or not one specifically identified for the purposes of the investigation or operation); and 
>\par (c) otherwise than by way of an immediate response to events or circumstances the nature of which is such that it would not be reasonably practicable for an authorisation under this Part to be sought for the carrying out of the surveillance. 
>\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 
>\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 (3) Subject to subsections (4) to (6), surveillance is intrusive for the purposes of this Part if, and only if, it is covert surveillance that\emdash  
>\par (a) is carried out in relation to anything taking place on any residential premises or in any private vehicle; and 
>\par (b) involves the presence of an individual on the premises or in the vehicle or is carried out by means of a surveillance device.
>\par \'85\'85
>\par (8)For the purposes of this Part a person is a covert human intelligence source if\emdash  
>\par (a) he establishes or maintains a personal or other relationship with a person for the covert purpose of facilitating the doing of anything falling within paragraph (b) or (c); 
>\par (b) he covertly uses such a relationship to obtain information or to provide access to any information to another person; or 
>\par (c) he covertly discloses information obtained by the use of such a relationship, or as a consequence of the existence of such a relationship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>.
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 33.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 Section 27 provides that conduct to which Part }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 II}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  of the Act applies shall be \'93
>lawful for all purposes if an authorisation is in place and the conduct is in accordance with the authorisation\'94. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 34.\tab}
>A designated person may grant an authorisation for directed surveillance of the kind seen in Operation Gemini provided 
>he/she believes it is necessary and proportionate for the purpose of preventing or detecting crime (section 28). Similarly a designated person may grant an authorisation for the use of a covert human intelligence source provided he/she believes it is nece
>ssary and proportionate for the purpose of preventing or detecting crime (section 29). 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 35.\tab}
>The entire statutory scheme is subject to Codes of Practice (section 71) which a court must take into account (section 72).  At all times there must be a person holding 
>an office, rank or position with the relevant investigating authority who has day-to-day responsibility for dealing with the source, and for the source's security and welfare, general oversight of the use made of the source and responsibility for maintain
>ing a record of the use made of the source. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 36.\tab}
>Further, the Office of Surveillance Commissioners carries out regular inspections of Law Enforcement Agencies to ensure compliance with the Act in so far as directed surveillance and the use or conduct of a cover
>t human intelligence source is concerned. The Chief Surveillance Commissioner presents an annual report to Parliament.
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\b\insrsid5199549\charrsid358507 Procedural history
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 37.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 The cases of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Gyamfi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  were listed for a voir dire hearing on 5 October 2012 but adjourned and listed for mention on 26 October. In preparation for that hearing Counsel for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  served an application for disclosure to which the Crown failed to respond. The Crown accepted that any documentation relevant to the issue of entrapment would be disclosable but asserted
> that the RIPA authorisations and other documents relating to the supervision and conduct of the operation were protected by Public Interest Immunity (PII). At a hearing on 28 November for all three cases (which were by this time linked), the Judge gave d
>irections that the Crown were to disclose details as to the scope and purpose of the operation and the limits of the authorisations provided to the UCOs, in is far as such information was not to be subject to a PII application.
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 38.\tab}Prior to a hearing listed for 8 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 
> 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 , the CPS requested what it called an ex-parte \lquote notification hearing\rquote 
> in order to show the initial RIPA authorisation to the Judge to satisfy him as to the lawfulness of the operation. There was to be no PII application by the Crown because \lquote the material was deemed not to meet the test for disclosure\rquote . \tab 
>
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 39.\tab}
>On 10 January the Judge gave an initial ruling. By that stage he had not had time to read all the documents put before him but he had \'93checked all the authorisations and monthly renewals and 
>the cancellation and dipped into, at random, the reports on progress.\'94
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 40.\tab}
>He was very critical of the prosecution. He described the service of documents and statements as piecemeal. He was unhappy about their suggested \lquote ex parte notification\rquote  procedure. He ac
>cepted there were many documents that were neither relevant nor disclosable but in principle, he was persuaded that once the lawfulness of the authorisation was challenged, the document itself becomes disclosable \'93subject to other considerations\'94. 
>
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 41.\tab}The voi
>r dire took three days between 5 and 8 February. UCOs Terry and Jason, DI Wood, Superintendents Strugnell and Bennett, Commander Spind}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>er, DS Goodwin all gave evidence. Another undercover officer called Nat who had also played a part in the Operation was not required. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 42.\tab}
>The defence submitted that there had been an abuse of process and applied for the prosecution to be stayed. It was submitted that the police had used entrapment to lure each of the three applicants into committing the offences. Each also appl
>ied under s.78 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 olice and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>for the evidence to be excluded on the ground of procedural unfairness. It was ultimately agreed that the matter should proceed by way of the abuse application because the same considerations applied to both. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 43.\tab}
>On 27 February, the judge ruled that the position taken by the CPS in respect of disclosure was correct in law in light of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 udgment in }{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549\charrsid6033533 R v H and C [2004] UKHL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 . He  had found nothing which required disclosure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 
> because it weakened the prosecution case or strengthened the defence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 He understood that p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 rovided the Crown asserted that all documents which it was necessary to disclose had been disclosed, even where the defence challenged the lawfulness of the authorisation, the authorisations themselves a
>re not disclosable. For his part, he could not see why they could not be routinely disclosed, suitably redacted, if only by way of reassurance.
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 44.\tab}He remained highly critical of the Crown (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 who }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 by this stage }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 did }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 not yet }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 have the benefit of the services of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 Zoe Johnson QC who appeared before us). He described the preparation and presentation of the case as \'93
>unattractive, unprofessional and unhelpful\'94. This was because statements were served haphazardly, unsigned and undated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  the Crown\rquote 
>s skeleton made no attempt to address }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 RIPA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549  issues,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  and the schedules of unused material made no reference to relevant material including CCTV footage. The Crown\rquote s paperwork was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 said to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \'93pathetic\'94. The Judge did not therefore have confidence in assuming that what he was being told was necessarily correct. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 45.\tab}On the specific issue of entrapment, the judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 considered in detail the exchanges between each of the applicants and the UCOs. He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 rejected the propositions that any of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 m}{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  had been incited to commit offences, that the underly
>ing offences of burglary would not have occurred but for the fact the shop existed and that the shop had led to a spike in crime rates. He dismissed as entirely unjustified the proposition that this was a state orchestrated, wholesale \lquote 
>virtue testing\rquote  of an economically deprived community during a recession. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 He considered that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>he operation was performed in good faith as a potential solution to a chronic problem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 . He noted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>it was overseen by officers watching real time footage and by the CPS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549  and the operation had been selected at random by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>the office of the Chief Surveillance Commissioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 to scrutinise its lawfulness and nothing untoward was found. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 46.\tab}The judge did not accept that the focus of the operation had moved }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 from burglary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 to identity theft, which was not specifically covered by the authorisations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 . E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 ven if it did, identity theft still fell within the remit of acquisitive crime. If there was any technical breach, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 the judge concluded }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 it did not make the operation overall unlawful.
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140     
>\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5199549\charrsid14373428 Grounds of Appeal
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 47.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 There are three grounds com}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 mon to each of the applicants: i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>t should be said that none of them specifically addresses the point that following the judge\rquote s ruling they pleaded guilty.   
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\i\insrsid5199549\charrsid14373428 Disclosure
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 48.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Disclosure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 began as a free standing ground of appeal on t
>he basis it was said to be an abuse of process of the court to pursue the prosecution in the light of the Crown\rquote 
>s many failings as to disclosure. By the time of the ruling on abuse there remained just two matters the Crown had failed to disclose: the authorisations (including reviews and renewals) and the existence of a possible witness Christian Plowman. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 49.\tab}
>Miss Johnson for the Crown accepted the argument that once the defence challenged the lawfulness of the authorisation, the prosecution could and should h
>ave disclosed the authorisation documents in redacted form. We should make clear, therefore, that we have heard no argument on the principle of disclosing authorisation documents in these circumstances. Nor have we heard argument on the issue of the exten
>t
> to which the lawfulness of an operation may be challenged in the light of the provisions of section 27. We proceed on the basis as conceded by Miss Johnson. However, she went on to assure us that she herself has considered every document in the authorisa
>tion files and has discovered nothing which in her opinion would undermine the prosecution or assist the defence. She states firmly therefore that nothing needs to be disclosed. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 50.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Sally O\rquote  {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}
>{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}Neill{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname State}}QC{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} for two of the applicants }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 obviously accepts Miss Johnson\rquote 
>s a
>ssurance; nevertheless she argued it is for the defence to decide to what use they may put a properly disclosed document. There may well be lines of inquiry or argument which would not have been apparent to a prosecutor which would be apparent to defence 
>counsel. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 51.\tab}The only other outstanding issue of disclosure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 the existence of Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Christian }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>Plowman. He was one of the undercover officers who worked as part of the \lquote legend building\rquote  and in the shop as part of Operation Gemini. The fact he worked on Operation
> Gemini was revealed when he published a book on his experiences as a Metropolitan Police Officer. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>he defence argue that the prosecution was bound to reveal the existence of every undercover officer involved in the Operation even if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
> as with Mr Plowman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  they played no part in buying from or selling to the applicants. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 52.\tab}
>The judge did not rule upon disclosure as a free standing ground to stay the proceedings and considered it as part of the overall abuse argument. During the course of argument, it became apparent that we were being invited to do the same.  
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549\charrsid83723 Fresh evidence
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 53.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 In a statement dated 25 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 ay 2013 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 
>\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 Plowman states that he worked on operation Gemini from March to May 2011 and spent some time at TJ\rquote s Trading Post. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 He was known as Chris. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
>\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 He states that h
>e had ethical concerns about the operation which he felt amounted to tacit encouragement for people to sell and / or steal identity documents. He felt that there was a lack of selective targeting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 of those }{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 from whom the police bought property. He eventually resigned from the police for a number of reasons including his concerns about undercover operations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 in which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 he was involved including Gemini. He produced a chapter of his book as evidence of his concerns. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Miss O\rquote 
>Neill for Palmer and Cooke and Miss Harris for Gyamfi both urge the court to receive his evidence in support of their argument that Operation Gemini was unlawful. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 54.\tab}Initially Mr Plowman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
>\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  who now lives abroad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
> refused to return to this country to give evidence because he claimed he was in fear of his former colleagues. The original application was therefore to treat }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 
>his statement as hearsay. He was eventually prevailed upon to attend at court in person and we heard his evidence de bene esse. 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\i\insrsid5199549\charrsid83723 Abuse of Process}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid1578508 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 55.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 The applicants maintain that the initial authorisation for the undercover operation was unlawful because it was neither necessary nor proportionate and or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 that it }
>{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 became unlawful }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 because it extended beyond its authorised limits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 56.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Counsel claim that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 operation was not necessary because burglary was not particularly prevalent in the area. Burglary is a serious offence but no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  so serious as to justify }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 what they called }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 an \lquote intrusive\rquote  operation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 (in the general rather than the statutory sense) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 whereby visitors to the shop were fully recorded. Conventional methods of prevention and detection }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 sh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 ould have sufficed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 They urged the court to scrutinise with care the \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 use of secret police shops to infiltrate communities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 \'94. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 57.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 The operation }{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 is said to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 disproportionate because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  involved targeting an entire community and putting temptation in their way. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 What were described as v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>ulnerable young unemployed people were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 allegedly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 enticed into the shop by the prospect of buying cheap goods and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 /}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 or being supplied with free alcohol, cigarettes and clothing. Two older ma
>le undercover officers there impressed young people with the relatively large sums of money that could be made by trading in the shop and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>the \lquote glamorous\rquote  lifestyle associated with crime. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 58.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Further, counsel complained that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 he operation may have begun as an operation to combat burglary and other acquisitive crime but it \lquote mutated\rquote 
> into an operation to trade in identity documents, many of which were not stolen. Even after the police realised people were coming in and selling their own and their friends}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 /acquaintances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  documents, the officers continued to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 buy them. This was said to be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  ill conceived as a policing tactic to target burglary/ acquisitive crime.  
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 59.\tab}We were invited to take the applicant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 
>Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  as an example. First the officers built up their \lquote legend\rquote  in what was described as an unsavoury and unsupervised way. Then when }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  was \lquote lured\rquote  into the shop, CCTV footage recorded Terry bragging to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  about his earnings, his car, and his sexual conquests as he gave }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  access to alcohol, cigarettes 
>or clothes, sometimes free, sometimes at very reduced prices. Peppered throughout the conversation were references to the types of identity documents Terry wished to buy. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  was given the clear impression he could make good money from selling them. The officers were accused by counsel of acclimatising young men like }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  to criminal conduct by virtue of the \lquote special treatment\rquote  in the backroom }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>nd thereby inciting and entrapping them into committing offences.
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 60.\tab}When }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  began to supply identity docume
>nts, the officers tested him further. On two occasions, the officers mentioned the possible purchase of a gun. The applicants submitted that this was the epitome of entrapment and indicative of \lquote a policing operation that had lost its way\rquote . 
>
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 61.\tab}Counsel also cr
>iticised the length of the operation and claimed it began to generate crime, not reduce it. Accordingly we were invited to conclude that prosecutions arising from police conduct such as this bring the administration of justice into disrepute. 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\b\insrsid5199549\charrsid1578508 The law 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 62.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 The starting point for this court in considering the approach to the issue of entrapment in {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname country-region}}England{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname country-region
>}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}Wales{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549\charrsid1578508 R v Looseley A.G. Ref (No. 3 of 2000) [2002] 1 Cr.App.R.29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 63.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langfenp2057\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>At paragraph 1 Lord Nicholls of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}Birkenhead{\*\xmlclose} introduced his speech as follows: 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri1440\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langfenp2057\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \~\'93Ever
>y court has an inherent power and duty to prevent abuse of its process. This is a fundamental principle of the rule of law. By recourse to this principle courts ensure that executive agents of the state do not misuse the coercive, law enforcement function
>s
> of the courts and thereby oppress citizens of the state. Entrapment, with which these two appeals are concerned, is an instance where such misuse may occur. It is simply not acceptable that the state through its agents should lure its citizens into commi
>t
>ting acts forbidden by the law and then seek to prosecute them for doing so. That would be entrapment. That would be a misuse of state power, and an abuse of the process of the courts. The unattractive consequences, frightening and sinister in extreme cas
>es, which state conduct of this nature could have are obvious. The role of the courts is to stand between the state and its citizens and make sure this does not happen.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langfenp2057\insrsid5199549 \'94}{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langfenp2057\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 64.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 At paragraph 36 Lord Hoffman provided a succinct summary of the principles of entrapment. 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri1440\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \'93
>First, entrapment is not a substantive defence in the sense of providing a ground upon which the accused is entitled to an acquittal. Secondly, the court has jurisdiction in a case of entrapment to stay the prosecution on the ground that the integrity
> of the criminal justice system would be compromised by allowing the state to punish someone whom the state itself has caused to transgress. Thirdly, although the court has a discretion under section 78 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 to excl
>u
>de evidence on the ground that its admission would have an adverse effect on the fairness of the proceedings, the exclusion of evidence is not an appropriate response to entrapment. The question is not whether the proceedings would be a fair determination
> of guilt but whether they should have been brought at all.\'94
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 65.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 Their Lordships declared themselves satisfied }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>hat there is no appreciable difference between these principles and the requirements of article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights and the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}Strasbourg{\*\xmlclose}
>{\*\xmlclose} jurisprudence. English law does not in any way conflict with the decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549\charrsid4881808 Teixeira de Castro v {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname country-region}}
>{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}Portugal{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549\charrsid4881808 (1998) 28 EHRR 101}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
> which was based very much on the cumulative effect of a number of factors. Mr De Castro had been the target of an unwarranted, unauthorised, unsupervised police operation in which undercover officers incited him to supply drugs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 . Thus, there is no principle of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  European or English law that whenever a police officer gives a person the opportunity to commit a crime, he falls f
>oul of article 6. Police officers are not bound to remain passive and act only as investigators. T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>he difficulty comes, as Lord Nicholls observed, in identifying conduct which steps over the line}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid5199549  between what is proper and improper}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 .  }{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 66.\tab}The court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549\charrsid4881808 
>R v Harmes & Crane [2006] EWCA 928}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  considered what th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  limits }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>in the context of an undercover operation purportedly authorised under RIPA. The appellant Harmes ran a public house and was suspected of involvement in the distribution of Class A drugs and money la
>undering. An undercover police operation was launched and approv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ed which lasted approximately 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
> months. One of the undercover police officers offered to supply Harmes with cheap soft drinks and another suggested they could be paid in cocaine. The trial jud
>ge concluded that three of the supplies of drugs would not have been made had it not been for the officers\rquote  conduct and stayed those proceedings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  but she allowed a count of conspiracy to proceed to conviction. Moses LJ giving the judgment of the court at paragraph 12 described the essence of the appeal as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid1523345 {\*\bkmkstart para12}\'93the conduct of the officers in agreeing to supply soft drinks in exchange for cocaine was so seriously improper as to bring the administration of justice into disrepute\'94.{\*\bkmkend para12}
>
>\par {\*\bkmkstart para18}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 67.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>At paragraph 18 he observed: 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri1440\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \'93Th
>e statutory scheme and the Code, thus, emphasise the importance of authorisation to ensure that the requirements of necessity and proportionality are achieved and to provide a proper system for close scrutiny. That is particularly of importance where, as 
>t
>he Act envisages by Sections 71 and 72, the court may need to assess the legality of the operation. Inadequate compliance with the Code frustrates the essential task of the courts in assessing the legality of an undercover operation by reference to the pr
>ovisions of the Code (see in particular paragraph 66 in the speech of Lord Hoffmann in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549\charrsid4881808 Looseley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 (qv supr{\*\bkmkend para18}a)\'94. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 68.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 ounsel for the applicants derived from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549\charrsid4881808 Harmes and Crane}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  the principle that compliance with both the RIPA Act itself and the Code are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 extremely important, as is close scrutiny of that compliance by the court. Further, i}{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 f }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 it is necessary to keep }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 a careful record }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 of the authorisation process to enable the court to perform its function, they suggested defence counsel must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 be allowed to see that record and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 , where appropriate,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 deploy it in argument}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 .  
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 69.\tab}The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 y }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 did not dwell upon the result of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549\charrsid4881808 Harmes and Crane}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  appeal other than to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 try to distinguish it from the facts of the instant cases. They }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 observ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  that conspiracies to import Class A drugs are exceedingly serious and prevalent offences}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 in the detection and prevention of which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 unconventional police tactics may be justified. In our view, the result in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\i\insrsid5199549\charrsid10836474 Harmes and Crane}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  is worthy of rather more attention. Despite the clear findings of the Court of Appeal th
>at there were significant breaches of the Code and the Act and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 the police officers\rquote  conduct had been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 criminal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>, the court concluded their conduct was not exceptional and did not go beyond what was necessary to show their willingness to deal in drugs. The officers conduct \'93
>viewed as a whole, did not stray beyond that which was permissible to investigate and prosecute crime\'94.  
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\b\insrsid5199549\charrsid10836474 Conclusions
>\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549\charrsid10836474 Fresh evidence
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 70.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 We shall first consider the application to adduce fresh evidence from Mr Plowman. His role in the sh
>op lasted little more than a week or two and he had no dealings with these three applicants. He provided no detail of what was said or done by hi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 m or hi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 s colleagues. He simply stated that he had \'93ethical concerns\'94 and proffered his opinion that his talents were wasted on an operation of this kind. According to him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ,}{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  it was targeted at the wrong people. There seemed to be a \'93tacit encouragement of the people who came to the shop to sell their own and their friends\rquote 
> personal ID and banking documents. The encouragement came simply from the fact that the shop existed\'85\'94 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 71.\tab}We found his evidence as to his involvement in Operation Gemini }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 exaggerated, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 unreliable and unhelpful. His memory of events appears to have been tainted by his distressed state at the time and by 
>his attitude to the Metropolitan Police. In any event, he had nothing useful to add about the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 peration. The court had the best evidence}{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549  available}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 - the audio and visual recordings. It could make up its own mind. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 72.\tab}In our judgment, Mr Plowman\rquote  evidence faile
>d by a long margin to meet the criteria for admission under section 23 of the Criminal Appeal Act 1968. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 73.\tab}
>Further, given the extensive material available to the defence with which to challenge the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 lawfulness and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 propriety of the operation and }{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 the fact that Mr Plowman had no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  dealings with the accused, there was no duty on the Crown to inform the defence of his existence. 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\i\insrsid5199549\charrsid10836474 Disclosure
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 74.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 The only relevant and disclosable documents not yet disclosed are the authorisation documents. We too can see no reason why they
> could not have been disclosed in redacted form. The Judge believed that had they been disclosed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
> or had at least one page of them been disclosed, the concerns of defence counsel would have been allayed. Miss Johnson concedes they should have been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549  disclosed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 . However, the fact that they were not disclosed is now of no consequence. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>udge was satisfied on the material before him that the documents did not need to be disclosed to meet the Crown\rquote s general duties of disclosure and every document has now been 
>considered with care by very senior and experienced counsel. Miss Johnson, knowing exactly the nature of the argument the defence wished to advance, assured us there is nothing in the documentation which would assist them or undermine the prosecution. Acc
>ordingly, we reject Miss O\rquote Neill\rquote s proposition that the documents must be disclosed (so that she can form her own conclusions) or the conviction quashed as an abuse. 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\i\insrsid5199549\charrsid10836474 Entrapment
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 75.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
>\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 To our mind, there are several very high hurdles in the applicants\rquote  path. They 
>include the findings of fact made by the judge. His Honour Judge Pawlak heard evidence from those involved in the operation (albeit not from the applicants themselves because they chose not to testify) from start to finish. He found as a fact that the des
>i
>gnated officers who granted the authorisations had good reason to believe that the operation was necessary and proportionate. Burglary of dwelling houses is a far more serious crime than the defence acknowledged and it has very considerable consequences t
>o victims. Burglary was particularly prevalent in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 targeted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 area}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  of Barnet and conventional methods were not working. A less conventional approach was adopted with the legitimate aims of preventing and detecting burglary offences in the area; and it was
> to a significant degree successful.  
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 76.\tab}
>Whereas other boroughs saw yet another increase in burglary of 8-10 %, Barnet saw an increase of just 3%. A large number of people were arrested, (of which the vast majority pleaded guilty) and many hundreds of items 
>of stolen property were recovered and returned to their owners. The fact that many of those items were identity documents and not all of them stolen does not undermine the integrity of the whole operation. As the judge observed, the undercover officers co
>uld not refuse to buy identity documents and maintain their credibility as fundamentally dishonest. In any event, many of the identity documents were undoubtedly stolen (26 of those sold by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Palmer}{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  were stolen in residential burglaries) and because identity documents are generally eas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ier}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  to trace, the officers thereby gathered useful evidence. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 77.\tab}
>Further, the judge rejected in clear terms and on good evidence that the applicants were in any way vulnerable or enticed by the officers\rquote  conduct into committing crim
>es they would not otherwise have committed. He saw and heard the applicants on the surveillance tapes. Their only vulnerability was their greed. There was nothing exceptional about the opportunity presented to them. In the words of Lord Taylor CJ in }{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5199549\charrsid10836474 R v Christou and Wright 1992 1 QB 979}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 . they \'93voluntarily applied themselves to the trick\'94. 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 78.\tab}The only area which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 might have }{
>\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 caused us }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 some }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 concern was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 
>the possibility that the officers had encouraged Palmer to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 sell them firearms. However, we note that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 the officers\rquote 
> comments fell short of encouragement and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 when the applicant showed no interest, they did not pursue the matter. Putting those remarks into}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 
> the context of their conversations with Palmer and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 the overall context of the operation we are satisfied that the officers did not thereby }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 over}
>{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 step the line. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 
>In any event, these exchanges had nothing to do with the charges against Palmer and could not have vitiated the proceedings against him. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 79.\tab}In our judgment the judge\rquote s approach to his task was impeccable. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
>\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 All his findings were, in our judgment, open to him and explained in his clear, careful and cogent ruling. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>He expressed reservations and criticisms of the Crown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  where necessary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140  and put their failings into the balance when considering whether or not it would be an
> abuse of process for the trial to continue. He had no doubt the balance came down in favour of the trial continuing and nor do we. The way in which Operation Gemini was planned and implemented does not come close to police misconduct. The surveillance wa
>s
> no where near as intrusive as the defence suggested. These were commercial premises open to the public; no-one was forced or badgered into entering them. The officers were instructed on how to behave, and reminded repeatedly of their obligations. Everyth
>ing relevant was recorded and retained. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>peration was constantly monitored and the officers properly supervised. The Surveillance Commissioner was satisfied there was nothing untoward in what they were doing. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 peration may have lasted for over a year but that was to be expected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549  given its scale and the fact that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>officers had to build up trade and develop the confidence of those with stolen property to sell. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 The length of the operation overall was not excessive in all the circumstances. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s19 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 80.\tab}For those 
>reasons we reject the argument on entrapment. There is no affront to justice here. Thus, taking the grounds of appeal individually }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 and or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>cumulatively, we are satisfied the applicants were properly prosecuted and the convictions are safe. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 Accordingly, we reject the applications for leave to appeal conviction. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\insrsid5199549\charrsid4485140 
>\par 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
>\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5199549 
>\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15994306 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
>\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6169410 
>\par }}

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